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Which of the following is NOT one of the three elements needed to justify deadly force?

  1. Means

  2. Lawfulness

  3. Intent

  4. Opportunity

The correct answer is: Lawfulness

The element related to lawfulness is essential in the context of justifying the use of deadly force, as it pertains to the legal framework governing such actions. To justify deadly force, individuals must operate within established laws that define when and how such force can be applied. The other elements, including means, intent, and opportunity, play a critical role in ascertaining whether deadly force is justified in a given situation. Means pertains to the capability of using deadly force; intent refers to the individual’s purpose or reasoning behind utilizing deadly force; and opportunity indicates whether the threat exists in such a way that the individual is faced with imminent danger. Without establishing lawfulness, one cannot justifiably use deadly force, making lawfulness a foundational element, rather than an exclusion from the trio of necessary justifications.